FOOD CHAIN (Published 1999) (2024)

Food|FOOD CHAIN

https://www.nytimes.com/1999/10/06/dining/food-chain.html

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Saving Vitamins in Cooking Peppers

Q. Does roasting red bell peppers destroy the vitamin C they contain?

A. While heat destroys some of the vitamin C in fruits and vegetables, some cooking methods are more destructive than others. Vitamin C is not only heat sensitive but also water soluble, so to minimize its loss, avoid cooking vegetables that contain a lot of it (red peppers among them) in water. Cooking the peppers whole will preserve more vitamins than cooking them sliced. Roasting whole peppers preserves as much vitamin C as possible in a cooking method.

Keep in mind, too, that vegetables can lose as much as 50 percent of their vitamin C before cooking if they are not kept properly refrigerated.

Ingredients for Kosher Mozzarella

Q. I'd like to make kosher mozzarella cheese, and I need rennet and citric acid. Where can I buy them?

A. Kosher dietary laws, which forbid the mixing of meat and milk, do not allow the use of animal rennet in making cheese, because it is derived from the lining of calves' stomachs. But vegetable rennet, a highly concentrated derivative of plant material, is used by many cheese makers.

You can order kosher vegetable rennet (10 tablets or 2 liquid ounces for $6.50) and citric acid (8 ounces for $5.95) from the New England Cheesemaking Supply Company at (413) 628-3808.

'Bad' Fruit: When Is It Harmful?

Q. Is a fruit that looks or tastes bad -- like a mealy, mushy apple or peach -- bad for you? Does it have the same vitamin content as a fruit that looks good? And are sweeter fruits actually healthier for you, or just more appealing?

A. A mealy or slightly mushy fruit is not bad for you, just unpleasant to eat. A bruised fruit is fine to eat, as long as you cut away any soft or brown parts. But a fruit that has a foul or ''off'' taste should be thrown out, as it is rotting and may harbor harmful molds or bacteria. And all fruit starts to lose some of its vitamin C as it overripens.

Fruit is at its sweetest when picked ripe, and ripe fruit has had time on the plant to develop its nutrient content. So sweet fruit generally contains more nutrients than less sweet fruit. Exceptions are fruits like apples and bananas, which continue to ripen after being picked, with no loss of sweetness or nutrients. MELISSA CLARK

Questions about food and cooking can be sent to Food Chain, the Dining section, The New York Times, 229 West 43d Street, New York 10036-3959, or by E-mail to dining@nytimes.com.

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FOOD CHAIN (Published 1999) (2024)

FAQs

What is the oldest fast food chain in the US? ›

White Castle (1921)

America's first ever fast food burger chain would of course make an appearance on this list. White Castle first started in 1921 when Walter Anderson and Billy Ingram wanted to provide hungry customers with affordable and easy-to-serve burgers.

What are food chains and webs by Bobbie Kalman? ›

What Are Food Chains and Webs? by Bobbie Kalman, is an informative text that discusses the food chain, food web, and ecological communities. Not only does this book have great vocabulary words, it also provides a glossary in the back of the book.

Who founded food chain? ›

Food Chains were first discussed by al-Jahiz, a 10th century Arab philosopher. The modern concepts of food chains and food webs were introduced by Charles Elton.

Who introduced the concept of food chain? ›

Charles Elton pioneered the concept of food cycles, food chains, and food size in his classical 1927 book "Animal Ecology"; Elton's 'food cycle' was replaced by 'food web' in a subsequent ecological text.

What is the beginning of all food chains and food webs? ›

Autotrophs form the base of food chains and food webs, and the energy they capture from light or chemicals sustains all the other organisms in the community. When we're talking about their role in food chains, we can call autotrophs producers.

Is Burger King older than McDonald's? ›

McDonald's and Burger King started in the franchise food business in 1955 and 1954, respectively. 12 McDonald's has always been the larger company, but each firm has unquestionably influenced the other throughout their six-decade-plus rivalry.

Is A&W the oldest fast food chain? ›

(also known as Allen & Wright Restaurants) is an American fast food restaurant chain distinguished by its burgers, draft root beer and root beer floats. The oldest extant restaurant chain in the United States (the oldest being the Harvey House), A&W's origins date back to 1919 when Roy W.

What was the first food chain in the US? ›

A&W (1919)

That's right—the root beer kings founded the first-ever chain restaurant in America. By the 1970s, A&W even had more locations open than McDonald's.

Who is number 1 on the food chain? ›

Humans are sometimes called apex predators, which means they occupy the top position in the food chain and have no natural predators.

Which of these famous food chains was founded first? ›

A&W. On June 20, 1919, in Lodi, California, Roy W. Allen opened the first A&W with a stand selling root beer.

Who is the food chain leader? ›

Compass Group and Starbucks are the two largest restaurant companies as of 2023. McDonald's is the largest fast-food chain. Yum! Brands is based in China and is the largest quick-service restaurant company in the world.

What does the arrow mean in a food chain? ›

All food chains start with a producer. The arrows in the food chain below depict the direction in which energy and nutrients flow, i.e. the arrow always points from the eaten to the eater.

Which fast food chain is named for its founder? ›

McDonald's got its name from the two brothers who founded it: Richard and Maurice McDonald. They named it after themselves, which makes sense: It's their restaurant.

Where is human in the food chain? ›

At the top of the scale are meat-eaters that don't have any predators themselves, such as polar bears and orca whales. Instead, we sit somewhere between pigs and anchovies, scientists reported recently. That puts us right in the middle of the chain, with polar bears and orca whales occupying the highest position.

What is the difference between a food web and a food chain? ›

A food chain outlines who eats whom. A food web is all of the food chains in an ecosystem. Each organism in an ecosystem occupies a specific trophic level or position in the food chain or web. Producers, who make their own food using photosynthesis or chemosynthesis, make up the bottom of the trophic pyramid.

What are the two simple food chains? ›

There are two types of food chains: the grazing food chain, beginning with autotrophs, and the detrital food chain, beginning with dead organic matter (Smith & Smith 2009).

What is the ultimate energy for all life on Earth? ›

The ultimate source of all energy is the sun. Plants get the energy to prepare their food from the sun and that is transferred to the whole food chain.

What is the first food in the food chain? ›

Producers, also known as autotrophs, make their own food. They make up the first level of every food chain. Autotrophs are usually plants or one-celled organisms.

What is the first link in every food chain? ›

The first link in any food chain are the plants. All other organisms in the food chain depend upon plants either directly, as in herbivores, or indirectly such as omnivores or carnivores for nutrition.

Is Dairy Queen or McDonald's older? ›

1940: McDonald's and Dairy Queen

(Businessman Ray Kroc would grow the chain into a powerhouse starting in the 1950s.) That same year, the first Dairy Queen was founded in Joilet, Illinois. And while DQ isn't a rival to its same-year peer, it's a successful and international brand in its own right.

Which US fast food chain had the first drive thru? ›

The first identified drive through restaurant was established in 1947 at Red's Giant Hamburg located in Springfield, Missouri.

What is the #1 fast food chain in America? ›

What is the number one fast food chain the US? McDonalds is the number one fast food chain in the US. McDonald's is the number one restaurant chain in America based on both sales and number of locations, and it has over 36,000 restaurants in over 100 different countries.

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